Homonyms and antonyms Essay Example for Free

Homonyms and antonyms Essay â€Å"Words identical in form but quite different in their meaning and distribution are called homonyms† [1, 74]. â€Å"Homonym is a word that is spelt like another word (or pronounced like it) but which has a different meaning† [2, 464]. The term is derided from Greek â€Å"homonymous† (homos – â€Å"the same† and onoma – â€Å"name†) and thus expresses very well the sameness of name combined with the difference in meaning The traditional formal classification of homonyms is as follows: 1. Homonyms proper which are identical both in sound and spelling, e. g. ball (Ð ¼Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã' Ã'‡) ball (Ð ±Ã °Ã »), hail (Ð ³Ã'€Ð °Ã ´) – hail (Ð ¾Ã ºÃ »Ã ¸Ã ºÃ °Ã'‚Ð ¸). 2. Partial homonyms are subdivided into: 1) Homographs which are identical in spelling but different in sound, e.g. bow/bou/(Ð »Ã'Æ'Ð º)-bow/bau/(Ð ½Ã'â€"Ã'  Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'€Ð °Ã ±Ã »Ã' ), lead /led/ (Ã' Ã ²Ã ¸Ã ½Ã µÃ'†Ã'Å') – lead/li:d/ (Ð ²Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¸). 2) Homophones which are identical in sound but different in spelling, e.g. key (Ð ºÃ »Ã'ŽÃ'‡) – quay (Ð ½Ã °Ã ±Ã µÃ'€Ð µÃ ¶Ã ½Ã °), sow (Ã' Ã'â€"Ã' Ã'‚Ð ¸) – sew (Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã'‚Ð ¸) [1, 74]. Homonyms may be classified by the type of their meaning. In this case one should distinguish between: 1. Lexical homonyms which belong to the same part of speech, e.g. plane n. (Ð »Ã'â€"Ã'‚Ð °Ã º) – plain n. (Ã'€Ã'â€"Ð ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ½Ã °), light a. (Ã' Ã ²Ã'â€"Ã'‚Ð »Ã ¸Ã ¹) – light a. (Ð »Ã µÃ ³Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹). 2. Grammatical homonyms which belong to different parts of speech, e.g. row v. (Ð ³Ã'€Ð µÃ ±Ã'‚Ð ¸) – row n.(Ã'€Ã' Ã ´), weather n. (Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã ³Ã ¾Ã ´Ã °) – whe ther conj. (Ã'‡Ð ¸). 3. Homoforms which are identical only in some paradigm constituents, e.g. scent n. – sent (Past Ind. and Past Part. of send), seize v. – sees (Pr.Ind., 3d p.sing. of see) [1, 74]. Professor A.I. Smirnitsky classified homonyms into two large classes: 1)Full homonyms are words, which represent the same category of parts of speech and have the same paradigm, e.g. wren n. (a member of the Women’s Royal Naval Service) – wren n. (a bird). 2)Partial homonyms are subdivided into three subgroups: a) Simple lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words, which belong to the same category of parts of speech. Their paradigms have only one identical form, but it is never the same form, e.g. (to) found v. found v. (past indef., past part. of to find), (to) lay .v lay .v (past indef. of to lie). b) Complex lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words of different categories of parts of speech, which have identical form in their paradigms, e.g. rose n. rose v. (past indef. of to rise), maid n made v (past indef., past part. of to make). c) Partial lexical homonyms are words of the same category of parts of speech which are identical only in their correspondi ng forms, e.g. to lie (lay, lain) v. to lie (lied, lied) v., to hang (hung, hung) v. to hang (hanged, hanged) v [1,74]. Examples: 1) â€Å"It’s made out of wood. The skaters would normally perform their stunts and tricks there,† May explains (5, 12). 2) â€Å"A half – pipe can be dangerous. Skateboarders wear protective gear,† May points out. â€Å"Staying safe is important,† Buzz agrees. â€Å"Now where is my notebook?†(5, 13). 3) â€Å"Good luck!† Buzz tells May. â€Å"Go take the lead in this competition!† â€Å"I feel nervous†, May says. â€Å"My legs feel as if they are made of lead† (5, 24). 4) â€Å"May I sail with you in May?† (9, 31). 5) Mouse: Deer, I’m very glad to have such dear friends (6, 12). 6) But he’s unable to see that Oscar prefer his presence to his presents once in a while†¦(11). 7) â€Å"It’s my birthday present to him.† â€Å"I can fill in,† Ollie says. â€Å"I’d be happy to present the Big Air Jam, with Buzz† (5, 18). 8) â€Å"Dad, buy me a ball!† â€Å"Bye, Osc, I’m in a hurry,† answered Mark and hung on (11, 135). 9) â€Å"What a nice scent, Nicky! Hilary Duff â€Å"With love?† asked Ally. â€Å"Ughmn. My father sent it to me last Christmas,† said Nicky climbing the ladder (11, 66). (10)â€Å"I’d like to go to the sea. I think it’s amazing to see the autumn sunset,† said Carolyn a bit enigmatically (12, 45). Antonyms â€Å"Words that have directly opposite meanings are called antonyms† [1, 73]. â€Å"Antonym is a word with a meaning that is opposite to the meaning of another word† [3, 58]. Antonyms fall into two main groups: 1. Root antonyms (those which are different root), e.g. long – short, up – down, to start – to finish, etc. 2. Affixal antonyms (in which special affixes or their absence express semantic opposition), e.g. hopeful – hopeless, happy – unhappy, appear – disappear, etc. [1, 73]. Polysemantic words usually have antonyms for each of their lexico-semantic variants: a dull knife – a sharp knife, a dull boy – a bright boy, etc. Examples: 1) â€Å"Flash Wiggins makes scoring look easy,† Harold tells Cassy. â€Å"But beating the goalie is difficult† (8, 210). 2) â€Å"Krupp and Smythe worked together to even the score,† Harold adds. â€Å"Nothing can tear them apart!† (8, 77). 3) â€Å"You can help me make this rough ice smooth again!† says the driver (8, 93). 4) Father Bear â€Å"I’m Father Bear, and I sit in this great big chair.† Baby Bear â€Å"I’m Baby Bear and I sit in that little chair† (10, 23). 5) â€Å"Ah, but sometimes it is more courageous to do the right thing, than rebel and do the wrong thing, you know,† she said softly, meeting my eye (11, 119). 6) He blushed and suddenly paled from nerves at the situation he was in (11, 25). 7) â€Å"Oh, no, Nicky!! For you it’s hard, but for me†¦it’s very easy. I have known him for ages† (11, 81). 8) â€Å"And then we couldn’t sleep in the spacious room after being promised. But I suppose, it will be better to sleep in narrow rooms† (4, 211). 9) Anne had a young, brighter face and more delicate features than the others; Marilla saw at her and felt herself old enough to change her life (4, 267). 10) â€Å"I can; and A-n-n looks dreadful, but A – n – n e looks so much more distinguished, but call me Cordelia! It looks wonderful!† (4, 43). List of literature 1. КÐ ²Ã µÃ' Ã µÃ »Ã µÃ ²Ã ¸Ã'‡ Д.І., Ð ¡Ã °Ã' Ã'â€"Ð ½Ã ° Ð’.П. ПÃ'€Ð °Ã ºÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð ¼ Ð · Ð »Ã µÃ ºÃ' Ã ¸Ã ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã'â€"Ã'â€" Ã' Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð °Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã'â€" Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã'â€"Ð ¹Ã' Ã'Å'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'â€" Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¸: Ð Ã °Ã ²Ã'‡. ПÐ ¾Ã' Ã'â€"Ð ±Ã ½Ã ¸Ã º. – Ð’Ã'â€"Ð ½Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã' : Ð’Ð ¸Ã ´Ã °Ã ²Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã'‚Ð ²Ã ¾  «Ã Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ° Ð ºÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ³Ã °Ã‚ », 2001. – 117 Ã' . 2. Agnes M. Webster’s New World College Dictionary / M. Agnes, D. B.Guralnik. – Cleveland : IDG Books Worldwide Ink., 2000. – 1716 p. 3. Oxford Paperback Thesaurus / Maurice Waite. – Oxford – New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. – 930 p. 4. Л.ÐÅ". ÐÅ"Ð ¾Ã ½Ã'‚Ð ³Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã µÃ'€Ã'â€", Ð Ã ½Ã ½Ã ° Ð · ГÃ'€Ã'â€"Ð ½ ГÐ µÃ ¹Ã ±Ã »Ã ·: КÐ ½Ã ¸Ã ³Ã ° Ð ´Ã »Ã'  Ã'‡Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð °Ã ½Ã ½Ã'  Ð °Ã ½Ã ³ Ð »Ã'â€"Ð ¹Ã' Ã'Å'Ð ºÃ ¾Ã'Ž Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ¾Ã'Ž Ð ´Ã »Ã'  Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ð ´Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ã'â€"Ð ² Ã'„Ð °Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‚Ã'â€"Ð ² Ã'â€"Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ·Ã µÃ ¼Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'… Ð ¼Ã ¾Ã ² Ã'â€" Ã'„Ã'â€"Ð »Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã'â€"Ã'‡Ð ½Ã ¸Ã'… Ã'„Ð °Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ð µÃ'‚Ã'â€"Ð ²/Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ±Ã ºÃ ° Ã'‚Ð µÃ ºÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Æ', Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ¿Ã »Ã µÃ ºÃ'  Ð ²Ã ¿Ã'€Ð °Ã ², Ã'‚Ð µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'â€"Ð ² Ã'â€" Ð ·Ã °Ã ²Ã ´Ã °Ã ½Ã'Å', Ð ´Ã ¾Ã ²Ã'â€"Ð ´Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ²Ã'â€" Ð ¼Ã °Ã'‚Ð µÃ'€Ã'â€"Ð °Ã »Ã ¸ Ã'â€" Ã'„Ã'â€"Ð »Ã ¾Ã »Ã ¾Ã ³Ã'â€"Ã'‡Ð ½Ã ¸Ã ¹ Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã'‚Ð °Ã'€ Ð’.Ð’. ЄÐ ²Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ºÃ ¾, Ð ¡.І. Ð ¡Ã ¸Ã ´Ã ¾Ã'€Ð µÃ ½Ã ºÃ ¾. – Ð’Ã'â€"Ð ½Ã ½Ã ¸Ã'†Ã' : Ð Ã ¾Ã ²Ã ° КÐ ½Ã ¸Ã ³Ã °, 2008. – 440 Ã' . 5. Anna Prokos. Half-Pipe Homonyms / Prokos Anna. – Gareth Stevens, 2009. – 27 p. 6. Any Talbot. Deer and His De ar Friends: a tale from India / Talbot Any. – Benchmark Education Company, 2006. – 16 p. 7. Catherine Alliot. The Real Thing / Alliot Catherine. – Headline Book Publishing, 1996. – 471 p. 8. Claudia Pattison. Wow! / Pattison Claudia. – Pan Books, 2001. – 374 p. 9. Judy Goodard. Fun with homonyms / Goodard Judy. – Industry Way Westminster, 2005. – 43 p. 10. Karma Wilson. Bear stays up for Christmas / Wilson Karma. – Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2011. – 40 p. 11. Melissa Nathan. Learning Curve / Nathan Melissa. – Arrow Books, 2006. – 549 p. 12. Robert Waller. The Bridges of Madison County / Waller Robert. – Great Britain: Mandarin Paperbacks, 1995. – 171 p.

Stirrups :: Essays Papers

Stirrups The American Heritage Dictionary (3rd edition) defines a stirrup as "a loop or ring hung from either side of a horse's saddle to support the rider's foot" (The American Heritage Dictionary 799). Stirrups were invented by the Chinese in the year 477 A.D., and by the early Middle Ages the countries of Japan, India and Korea seem to have adopted its use. Stirrups became known in Persia, Byzantium and France in the 7th or early 8th century A.D.. Before stirrups were invented, riders had to use "a wooden stool or [they leaped] directly on to the horse's back" (Gans 1). Stirrups provided riders with much greater stability while on horseback especially during battles with lances and swords. A number of historians believed that the invention of the stirrups created the rise of feudalism. This belief caused what is called the great stirrup controversy still going on up to the present day. There has been several theories proposed pertaining to this controversy. For example, Heinrich Brunner in 1887 said that "feudalism was a wide effect of the development of mounted shock warfare by the Franks" (Gans 1). Brunner's stance of the controversy is that he believes that the rise of feudalism was not caused by the introduction of the stirrup but was caused by the Frankish army's envy of the fighting ability of the Moslem cavalry. As a result, the Frankish army became primarily a cavalry army. Before that time, the Frankish army used to fight on foot using a long handled ax called a francisca. Heinrich Brunner proposes that the Frankish army transformed itself from an infantry force to a mounted cavalry between 732 A.D. to 891 A.D. in an article he published called "Kni ghts' Service and the Origins of Feudalism" (Gans 1). The American Heritage Dictionary (3rd edition) defines cavalry as "troops trained to fight on horseback or in light armored vehicles" and feudalism as "a political and economic system of medieval Europe by which a landowner granted land to a vassal in exchange for homage and military service" (The American Heritage Dictionary 141, 312). Lynn White Jr. in 1962 said that both feudalism and cavalry was caused by the introduction of the stirrup. White agrees with Brunner's argument that "it was true that feudalism arose out of military necessity but that Brunner's details were wrong" (Gans 1).

The Lost Squatron Short Story

On Tuesday morning, December 5, 2006, Lieutenant Jimmy McGrath, a fresh faced 22 year old, Naval academy graduate, maneuvered his fighter jet across the tarmac at the US Naval Air Station Florida to the designated runway. Behind him, awaiting their tower clearance orders were the four other members of Jimmy's squadron. The men, boys really, some with peach fuzz beards, were training for assignment in Dubai, where they could fly sorties over Afghanistan and Iraq. All five pilots had been training here in Florida for several weeks, their high stress air combat training punctuated by wild Florida nights of heavy drinking and non-stop womanizing. The locals were used to it, having hosted these flyboys since Lauderdale nearly burst at the seams with newly drafted airmen, training in T-6s, and SNJ fighter trainers during World War 2. McGrath readied his jet at the flight line and after a final instrument check, increased throttle towards rotation speed, rumbling down the runway and easing back on the stick until the two ton plane defied gravity and began a steady ascent into the clouds hanging over the azure blue ocean. McGrath banked the plane right and felt momentary g-force pressure as he rolled away from the take off flight path to allow the next jet to leave the Earth.†Hee-haw† shrieked through Jimmy's mic, as his wingman, Bobby-Joe Nicholson followed McGrath into the heavens. Nicholson grew up in tobacco rich North Carolina back country, and his accent and redneck colloquialisms made training a lot easier for everybody. Nicholson was followed by Andy Grayson, from Wichita, then Angel Fernandez of the Bronx, and finally Ron Fontaine, a graduate of the Donnelly Housing Projects in Detroit. Fontaine was voted by his peers the last person anyone wanted to meet in a back alley for a fight. He was also the most accomplished â€Å"stick man† among them. Despite his â€Å"officer and gentleman status, Fontaine's 6 foot 2 inch muscular frame and tattooed biceps gave off a menacing appearance respected and feared by the other young pilots. The five jets screamed through the blue sky, each plane's engine creating enormous jet trails flowing behind, until they maneuvered into formation. The planes floated in the air next to each other as if dangling on elastic strings, their high-powered engines, flying in unison, making it appear as if they were not even moving. â€Å"OK guys,† McGrath bellowed,† lets head south over the ocean and then take a bearing of 26 degrees, 3 minutes north, then 80 degrees, 7 minutes west toward Hen and Chickens Shoals.† Although he did not mention it, the day's flight path would eventually take them into them into heart of the Devils Triangle. The Devils Triangle, or Bermuda Triangle as it was sometimes called, was a triangular patch of ocean in the Atlantic stretching from the Florida Keys south towards the Bermuda Islands. As every school kid knows, the Triangle's legend of mystery encompasses numerous claims of disappearing ships and aircraft. None of the men gave any serious thought to the Triangle legend, not many people did anymore since the quasi-pulp fiction exposes published in the 1970s tried to give pseudo-scientific credence to alleged supernatural happenings in that part of the Atlantic Ocean. However, they all knew about it. â€Å"Where to skip,?† crackled over the airwaves from Ron Fontaine's cockpit. â€Å"We're headed to the old junked freighter for some bombing and strafing practice,† responded Lieutenant McGrath. â€Å"And Ron,† said the flight leader, â€Å"this time wait for my signal before you starting locking in on the target.† â€Å"Shiiiit,† Fontaine screeched into his headset, and the other pilots chuckled at the exchange between the two men. â€Å"Hey Lieutenant, this time can we go in youngest pilot first,?† said Fernandez. â€Å"What is it with you guys from New Yawk,† drawled Nicholson, â€Å"y'all think you're born to tell the rest of us what to do.† â€Å"Hey, Tobacco boy,† I saw a guy like you once in the Bronx Zoo, behind bars,† Fernandex replied with a laugh. â€Å"Aw can it, you two,† shouted McGrath, â€Å"and tighten up the formation. Fernandez and Grayson pick it up back there.† â€Å"Aye, aye sir,† came the reply, in unison. The old freighter had been towed to this classified location in 1945, near the war's end, and for 60 years had, along with several other decommissioned vessels, been used to train young hot-shot pilots in the art of air war. â€Å"All right, in about 60 second we'll come up on the shoals bomb site, Nicholson and Fontaine, break right and take the first pass. Remember, nose guns first, then use one Sidewinder missile each the second time around,† McGrath ordered. The silver jets streaked through the cloud-filled blue sky like sharp knives slicing through warm biscuits. The two pilots took the lead and banked towards the abandoned and anchored old ship and locked onto the target with their computerized weapons guidance system. With today's technology they could hit a small object from a distance of a mile or more, but their state side training still required close target approaches. The planes would come within 500 yards of the target on the first pass. The three other pilots kept a distance to watch the show and wait their turn, as determined by their flight leader, Lieutenant McGrath. Nicholson and Fontaine took turns firing their 30 Millimeter, seven barrel nose guns at the old tub, blasting holes in the rusting hull at apace of 3900 rounds a minute, which exploded with a fury of sparks, smoke and flying debris as they roared past â€Å"Nice work guys,† McGrath said. â€Å"Commander Taylor, my fuel is low, and my instruments are still acting up, maybe we should be heading West† crackled across his headphones in response. â€Å"Come back,† McGrath replied. Is that you Fernandez. Stop the bullshit, will ya.† â€Å"Not me, Lieutenant,† Fernandez replied, â€Å"Don't expect me to give you a promotion,† he laughed. â€Å"Cut it out,† McGrath said, as he scanned the skies around him, â€Å"are one of you guys having instrument problems?† â€Å"Everyone check in,† he commanded. â€Å"Nicholson here, I'm fine Lieutenant.† â€Å"This is Fontaine, Jimmy, no problems with my bird.† â€Å"This is Grayson, sir, it wasn't me.† â€Å"Well who the hell is playing around.† McGrath shouted. â€Å"I can't see any land, sir† came the voice again. This time someone else responded. â€Å"Boys, this is Taylor, don't worry, we left the Georgia swamp area 30 miles back, and we should be coming up on the Keys shortly,† â€Å"Who's on this frequency, identify yourselves, † Lt. McGrath said into his helmet mic. He scanned his instrument radar panel and again looked outside his cockpit canopy but did not see any other planes in the bright, clear, mid-day sky. Without answering McGrath, the unknown chatter continued. â€Å"Hey Brownie, if we ever find our way back, I'm gonna propose to that nurse I met last week at the USO Holiday dance.† â€Å"Yeah, yeah sure, the one whose feet you kept stepping on during the Glen Miller piece?† â€Å"Shiiit, Glenn Miller, what the fuck is that all about,† Fontaine said. â€Å"Hey, one of you guys playing some sort of trick on our boy Jimmy,† Fernandez laughed. â€Å"Yeah, one of those old radio shows, or some shit like that,† Fontaine replied. â€Å"I don't know about you but it's freaking me out,† said Grayson. â€Å"Anyway, whoever it is mentioned Lauderdale, so it's probably some old Navy guys out for a joyride. I see those guys come out on Sunday's sometimes and fly around in those old radial engine trainers.† â€Å"Yeah, but it ain't Sunday, and what they all doin' on our radio frequency,† drawled Nicholson. â€Å"All right, all right, forget about it. It's probably just somebody playing around,† bellowed McGrath, â€Å"lets get ready for the second run. One missile this time.† Fontaine and Grayson broke away from the formation again and headed toward the target This time they programmed their guidance system to fire one AIM-9 Sidewinder missile each at a distance of a half mile. Within seconds each jet shimmied slightly as their missiles dislodged from under their wings and moved off in an arc of white smoke toward the old half-sunken freighter. The missile warheads were loaded with only small amounts of explosives so that they would create damage but not completely obliterate the boat, leaving it sufficiently intact for further training runs. The two missiles struck, on forward one aft, almost simultaneously, and a column of smoke, debris, and sea water rose high into the air. As the mix fell back again, the pilots who were all observing the action noticed small black objects off in the distance, beyond the target area, moving slowly toward them. â€Å"What the fuck is that,† sad Fernandez into his mic. Grayson and Fontaine, who had pulled up and over the target, getting a birds-eye view of the damage they caused, rolled across the sky, unknowingly hurtling their jets directly in the path of the shadowy, black objects. Some three miles away, the rest of the squadron watched as Fontaine and Grayson blew past the objects and then banked and ascended up and to the left. As they had flown by, in the seconds they were adjacent to the objects, both pilots had seen something that had startled them. Grayson and Fontaine had peered into the cockpits of a squadron of World War 2 naval fighters, â€Å"Avengers†, each operated by a two or three man crew, a pilot facing forward, sometimes with a co-pilot, and a gunner operating a ball turret weapon aft. â€Å"Shiiit,† Fontaine yelled into his helmet mic, â€Å"did you see that Grayson.† â€Å"What the hell are those old warbirds doing way out here, the air museum operates outta Pensacola,† Grayson replied. â€Å"Hell if I know,† Fontaine said, â€Å"but they were sure as shittin surprised by us.† â€Å"Damn lucky we didn't clip their wings.† â€Å"Hey skip,† Fontaine said, calling out to Lieutenant McGrath, † you won't believe what's headed your way.† â€Å"I see 'em, Fontaine, we're gonna give those old buckets some room so we don't blow their tails off with our engines,† McGrath replied. The remaining jets elevated their flight path to avoid the oncoming relics of the past, shooting with Mach speed into the lower stratosphere. â€Å"Commander, did you see that?,† said one of the warbird pilots. â€Å"I sure did, Tex,† replied Taylor, I don't know what the hell it was but I saw a red, white and blue star on it's side so it must be ours.† â€Å"Hell yes,† Tex's gunner cried, â€Å"we must be close to the Shoals now. I see the target ship they towed out this way a few weeks ago.† â€Å"I bet that was some experimental jet the Nazis were using, I saw a few being worked on at the base. Just come over from Germany last week for testing,† said one of the Avenger pilots. OK, men, settle down† Commander Taylor ordered, â€Å"set a course for the direction of the target vessels and let's get these tired birds home.† â€Å"Hey, my instruments are working again, Commander,† said one of the pilots. â€Å"Mine too, Chuck,† cried another. â€Å"Looks like we'll make it back after all,† the Avenger flight leader said, â€Å"and not a moment too soon with these near empty gas gauges. Keep a tight formation as we head in boys. Follow my lead. Last one on the deck has to kiss Charlie McCarthy's bald head.† The jet pilots listened, without a word, to the entire conversation going on below them. Fontaine and Grayson had rejoined the group and they were all now headed due East at 400 miles an hour at an elevation of 25,000 feet. Finally, Fernandez spoke up. â€Å"You catch that, Lieutenant.† â€Å"†Probably some re-enactors,† Lt. McGrath replied, although his voice had lost its usual firm, confident tone. â€Å"What the hell they doin' out here, Jimmy,† said Nicholson, â€Å"don't make no sense at all.† McGrath had to agree. This area was restricted to Naval air traffic. He thought he better contact the base and let them know what was going on. â€Å"Flight leader Bravo calling Lauderdale, come in Lauderdale.† The air was quiet. â€Å"Flight leader Bravo calling Lauderdale, come in Lauderdale† Nothing. â€Å"Hey Jimmy,† Fontaine said, â€Å"my computer just went down.† â€Å"Hey me too,† Nicholson shouted. The five jets flew in tight formation through the clouds as chaos erupted in their cockpits. â€Å"Flight leader Chuck Taylor calling Lauderdale, come in Lauderdale.† â€Å"This is Lauderdale, where the heck you guys been?† came the reply. The Base Commander's been going crazy. They even called the War Department.† â€Å"You guys can tell the patrols to come back, we're a little late but we're home, † replied Commander Taylor. On the stormy evening of December 5, 1945, five TBM Avengers, their heavy radial engines roaring across the Florida sky, approached US Naval Air Station in tight formation. One by one the gleaming blue fighter planes lowered their flaps, cut off their throttles and eased their tired metal frames onto the tarmac. As they rolled off the runway, they passed rows of B-17 bombers, fresh from the battle over Europe, being serviced and refit for duty in the Pacific against the Japanese. Worried ground crews raced in gray jeeps toward each plane, dropping heavy wooden blocks under the wheels, and climbing up on the wings to draw back the heavy canopies to release the human cargo. The fourteen crew members scrambled to the airfield grounds and embraced one another, removing their yellow Mae West vests and crush caps, giving thanks that what was lost was once again found. Meanwhile, miles away, five jet fighters crossed the sky into an ethereal graveyard. They hurtled at supersonic speed into an endless vortex of space and time without up or down, without time or space, without any connection to the world they left behind. At NORAD, desperate computer messages flooded the communications room alerting the men and women who worked there of a crisis in the making. An Admiral rushed into the room in time to confront a telecommunications staffer who was the most recent recipient of the tragic news. â€Å"Sir,† the young ensign said to the astonished man,† Flight 19 is missing.† â€Å"Get me Rumsfeld,† the Admiral replied. Two wars, 6 decades apart. Two tragedies, dance partners in a macabre story with ironic parallels. The past and the future, melded together, and separated, one mystery solved, another one just beginning.

Leadership, Decision Making And Organizational Success Essay

1. Introduction There are a number of fundamental elements that construct a smooth flowing, harmonious, and successful organization. The problems and questions this research will explore are based on leadership, decision-making, and structure as well as its effects on organizational well-being in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, and equity. This research paper will examine and explore a number of leadership styles, including autocratic, bureaucratic, democratic, charismatic, situational, transactional, and transformational in regards to organizational success. A leader’s approach has the ability to influence the productivity and efficiency, ultimately affecting the organization as a whole: therefore, it is important for the leader to be able to make decisions, communicate, and quickly diminish problems. It is also beneficial for leaders to display ambitions, motivation, build relationships, and evolve. Additionally, partners (or employees) are also an essential component of organizational goals and mission. Selecting the right individuals for a job or team is another crucial element to organizational success: so long as measures and incentives are aligned accordingly. Partners of an organization need to feel involved and driven so that they are inspired to communicate their opinion. Alternatively, partners who are committed are highly productive, ultimately leading to goals being met and profitability. In addition to suitable partners (employees), it is also essential toShow MoreRelatedLeadership Style And Its Impact On The Employees Work Life Balance And Company Production1105 Words   |  5 Pages They contrasted it with employee-centered leadership style which corresponds with transformational leadership style rather than transactional style (Lee, 1999). Authoritarian Leadership â€Å"Authoritarian leadership represents absolute power of a leader over the followers† (MindTools.com). Authoritarian leaders are seen as experts in the organization and, therefore, take the responsibility of identifying organizational goals and a strategic path to success. They provide the followers with clear expectationsRead MoreLeadership Styles Of A Fast Food Shop Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pagesof the different leadership styles adopted by leaders in organizations, and further determines whether the styles identified are effective or ineffective in terms of realizing failure or success for the organization. In essence, effective leadership should establish and retain belief, mission and vision commutation in the workplace in order to realize optimal performance and subsequent organizational success from the workforce. thus, the paper assumes that an effective leadership style will be notedRead MoreParticipative Leadership : Strengths And Weaknesses Essay1321 Words    |  6 PagesParticipative Leadership: Strengths and Weaknesses The simple act of making decisions is an essential task leaders must perform effectively to succeed. Behavioral theories of leadership focus on how leaders approach a situation and whether they dictate orders or involve others to encourage support. Research into decision-making behavior has identified three broad categories of leaders: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire. This paper will focus on these behavioral theories of leadership, primarilyRead MoreParticipative Leadership1582 Words   |  7 PagesParticipative Leadership: Strengths and Weaknesses The simple act of making decisions is an essential task leaders must perform effectively to succeed. Behavioral theories of leadership focus on how leaders approach a situation and whether they dictate orders or involve others to encourage support. Research into decision-making behavior has identified three broad categories of leaders: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire (Changing Minds, 2011). This paper will focus on these behavioral theoriesRead MoreThe Emotional Intelligence Test, Decision Making1270 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership style is significant in creating organizational success and being an effective leader. A person’s leadership style is dependent upon a variety of circumstances such as, biases, decision-making abilities, situation, environment, culture, gender, emotional intelligence, and personality. Effective leadership can induce process improvement and performance, maintain a viable gain, and is a strong foundation for organizational development (Jing , Avery, 2016). Research suggests that leadershipRead MoreThe Role Of Leadership Effectiveness1174 Words   |  5 PagesIn any organization, the role of leadership effectiveness depends on either if he/she has total controls of the decision making process and supervises work done in the group called autocratic leadership style (Greenberg, p.456), if the leader has minimum supervision and allows group participation in decision making known as delegation leadership style (Greenberg, p.456) and lastly a leader who prefers half of each styles called participative leadership style. (Greenberg, p.456) Given the complexityRead MoreThe Leadership Journey Of Ronda Harlan1535 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to a Leadership Journey This paper outlines the leadership journey of Ronda Harlan; an Organizational Leadership student, at Colorado State University (CSU) and how the CSU Masters of Science in Organizational Leadership (MSOL) program helped Ronda to evaluate human behavior within organizations to understand ethical practices, effective leadership, organizational communication, and cogent decision-making principles. Ronda Harlan reflects how the master’s program at CSU aligned withRead MoreThe Value Of Good Management1664 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction Currently, in the process of economic development, social competition among companies is likely to get tougher. In the development of companies, good management play an important role in a company achieving success, which means making a correct decision in order to achieve a particular purpose, plan, organize, direct, operate and control process. The purpose of good management is efficiency and benefit. The key of management is people and the principle of management is to organizationRead MoreAlcoa Case 442 Essay607 Words   |  3 Pagesother operational measures? I think a lot of key things might have played a role with this decision. Corporate management wanted to see what could be done and introduced new management to the plant. There were a lot of issues to be resolved such as high rates of serious injuries, poor quality control, inadequate leadership, and low morale. It would take time to implement change and establish a new organizational culture in order to turn the company around. I think they wanted to give the new managementRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Human Behavior1323 Words   |  6 PagesA major factor of a project’s success is the behavior of the employees. Employee behavior is influenced by organizational culture and leadership. This paper will briefly explore the influence organizational culture and human behavior have on the success of projects, in particular projects plagued with conflict. First, this paper will discuss the influences organizational culture has on the success of projects. Secondly, the role project leadership plays in the success of projects and how project managers

Compare And Contrast The Parthenon And The Pantheon

The Parthenon located in Athens Greece was completed sometime after 432 B.C and represents to many the evolution of the Athenian leagues expansion of imperial power. The Pantheon located in Rome Italy was completed sometime before its dedication in 126 A.D. Pantheon, meaning â€Å"Temple of many Gods† unlike the Parthenon’s example of expanding power, the Pantheon represented Rome’s devotion to many Gods and eventually a (singular) God when it switched from Temple to a Church in the 7th century. In this essay we’ll be exploring the similarities and differences that exist between these two imposing and incredibly historical buildings. The most obvious differences of the two structures are the age†¦show more content†¦The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 142 feet. It’s believed that continuous use as a Church beginning sometime in the 7th century A.D has contributed to its longevity today. The Parthenon can be rented for special occasions today but its longevity is largely attributed to its architectural significance but also its materials, artistic value and location sitting 150 meters above sea level on the outskirts of Athens Greece. Currently being restored. Similarities of the two structures lend themselves, not only to the value and appreciation of classical architecture over the centuries, but also the blend and variety of the artistic expression and elements applied to adorn them. Even today when conceptualizing a structure to exude power, stability coupled with artistic expression and contemplation, both the Pantheon and the Parthenon, among others, establish this foundation. Timeless similarities that won’t soon be replaced, even with modern day advancements. In closing, long before the birth of Christ, a medium was established as the template of power in all its forms. Regarded today as classical architecture, grand staircases leading to towering columns of stone and marble supporting entablatures of asymmetrical roof lines adorned with beautiful sculptures floating and peering down upon its visitor’s withShow MoreRelatedCompare Contrast Greek and Roman Art Essay651 Words   |  3 PagesCompare Contrast Greek And Roman Art And Architecture Compare/Contrast Greek and Roman Art and Architecture Since the onset of Greek and Roman civilizations centuries ago we have seen the art and architectural worlds evolve into what we know them as today. In fact, many of the ancient Greek styles were duplicated by the Romans and modified to suit their needs. We can still see a lot of Greek and Roman influences in the present day, especially in the architectural world. Below I will cite someRead MoreTopics in Cultural Studies1250 Words   |  5 PagesGreek and Roman civilization, there are many noted similarities and differences. This paper will focus on a few of the prominent features and attempt to define the differences, while noting the similarities. INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMANITIES Compare and contrast distinguishing elements and features of early Greek and Roman cultures, to include: * Government * Geographical Terrain * Economic and Trade practices * Art and Architecture * Philosophical and Religious beliefs WhatRead MoreThe Influence of the Greeks and Romans on Architecture894 Words   |  4 Pagesarchitecture solutions at the time. The two well-known examples of classical architecture include the Parthenon in Athens and the Colosseum in Rome. Let us look at how and why these two buildings are exapmles of classical architecture. Firstly the Parthenon from Athens (Re word) Comparing Greek to Roman architecture. I shall compare and contrast the Greek and Roman ideal styles of architecture, by breaking down both of their discoveries and similaritiesRead MoreArt History7818 Words   |  32 Pages#61607; Pg. 130 Ââ€" Parthenon • Located in Akropolis of Athens • Was Dedicated to Athena • Athena was the daughter of Zeus • Most famous temple of the Greeks • Most famous building of the ancient world because: o Harmony o Balance o Order o Symmetry o Proportion • Done in Doric Order • Purpose was to house great Sculpture of Athena • Burned down with fire in Parthenon • Phideons made another stature o Complete Bronze o 47 feet tall o Stolen and Melted Down • Parthenon turned into churchRead MoreEssay on The History Of Arts And Crafts5478 Words   |  22 PagesWe surround ourselves in our homes with the colours we like. Value is the amount of light reflected by a surface. If there is little contrast in the amount of light reflected from surfaces near each other, the eye has difficulty in distinguishing them. A sharp contrast of light and dark values is necessary to attract attention. Even with brilliant colour contrasts, a painter must carefully balance the distribution of lights and darks throughout his picture. A drawing or any type of design in one

Sex Education And Birth Control - 1384 Words

XueBing Xie Mr. Hines ELA 11 College English 1/29/15 Rough Draft (4pgs) Title: Sex Education and Birth Control should be enforced to prevent Teenage Pregnancies â€Å"Approximately one million teens get pregnant and give birth every year in the United States. Eighty percent of those births are to unmarried teens (ProQuest Staff)†. Teenage Pregnancy is when a mentally immature female adolescent under the age of nineteen is pregnant. Pregnant Teenagers would have to face many consequences and problems because they are physically and mentally unprepared to have babies. The teenagers’ futures would be limited because they would have to quit high school to care for their babies and it have been proven that the adolescents would mostly be poor when they become adults. They would also be prone to health problems like high blood pressure, premature birth, postpartum depression, STDs, etc. The teenagers would not be the only that would be affected, their babies would also be affected because it might be born premature and there is a high possibility that he or she would have a low birth rate. Most children that were born by teenagers do worse in school than other children born from adults. Teenage Pregnancy should be prevented because it does not have any positive affects to the people in the United States. It could be prevented by enforcing sex education and birth controls because it would make adolescents more aware about the consequences and the birth pills would stop unsafe sex andShow MoreRelatedWhy Birth Control Should Be Taught in Schools697 Words   |  3 Pagesfind abstinence only education appropriate but, birth control must be taught in schools. Schools should teach about birth control because students will have a better understanding how birth control works and it would decrease unwanted pregnancy in the future. â€Å"I know abstinence is the only 100 percent way of preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases† said Debbie Sandland. ( Day, Brenda 1) This is an example that the majority of adults prefer abstinence only education and find it appropriateRead MoreThe Article Birth Control For Kids 886 Words   |  4 PagesThe article â€Å"Birth Control for Kids?† was published in 2007 by Time Magazine, and despite being several years old it offers an excellent analysis of sex education in U.S. schools. A middle school in Portland, Maine decided to take a vote on whether it should offer birth control pills to students through the school’s health center. If passed, the vote would allow children as young as eleven-years-old access to contraceptives aside from the traditional condom. In addition, although parental consentRead MoreSchools Providing Contraception For Children1530 Words   |  7 Pageswill my friends and family react? What about my education and futu re? How did this happen to me? What could I have done to prevent this?† Most teenagers have sex without being protected. Whether they’re embarrassed or afraid of being seen, it results in a lot of teenage pregnancies. However, there is a way teenage girls can get the needed protection without being seen or embarrassed. High schools should provide condoms, birth control, sex education classes, and individual counseling to students whoRead MorePersuasive Essay On Birth Control1288 Words   |  6 Pagesacross the country. Some states require comprehensive sexual education and for teens to be able to access contraceptives. Some lean more towards abstinence only education in the hopes teens will steer away from sexual activities. There are also scattered clinics where teens can receive birth control. For many parents, this term conjures up images of teenage sex or pregnancy, which can cause them to ignore its other uses. However, birth control is a broad and misrepresented topic. Students should notRead MoreThe Importance of Comprehensive Sex Education to Decrease Teen Pregnancies894 Words   |  4 Pagespregnancy rate among teenagers. Our teenage girls are less developed and unprepared for the problems which come along with their decision to have sex. It is also too early for teenage girls to become pregnant. Many teens think having a baby is some sort of joke. They believe it will never happen to them but the reality is that every time teens have sex, there is a possibility that the sperm will find its way to the egg if they do not get protection. As a nation, or society, it is in our common interestRead MoreBirth Control in Public Schools?634 Words   |  3 Pagesschool be forced to teach birth control as a part of their curriculum or do people think that this will provoke more teens to start being sexually active? If teachers are forced to teach birth control in their curriculum people believe that this might lead to the encouragement of more teens to start having sex. Public schools should teach birth control as a class because if teens are being sexually active then they should be informed how to be safe and use birth control properly when it comes toRead MoreSex Education And Sexual Education948 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to U.S center for disease control and prevention, last year only 34 out of 1,000 teen females gave birth which it the lowest since 1946. The reason behind this decline is comprehensive sex education taught in schools. One the other hand, the opponents believe that the reason for this decline is the sex education classes that teach about not having sex. Even when most schools are teaching abstinences only sex education about sixty-six percent of high school students says they are sexuallyRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesTeenagers insist on having sex at a very tender age resulting to an increase in pregnancies in some countries, especially in developing countries. However, in the developed countries such as the United States of America, there is a decrease in teenage pregnancies in accordance to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. However, parents are leaving in denial that the teenagers are not having sex (Guilamo-Ramos et al, 15). The parents, as well as teachers, are trying very hard to raise the childrenRead More Preventing Teenage Pregnancy Essays1195 Words   |  5 Pagespregnant. There are also other helpful ways to help prevent teen pregnancy, such as sex education and birth control. All of these things are essential in the helping to prevent teenage pregnancy. Abstinence is when you abstain from sexual activities. Abstaining from sexual activities is a great way to prevent teen pregnancy, and the risk of getting a sexually transmitted disease. In the past few years less sex and more condoms use has meant lower rates of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmittedRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Should Be Pregnant Before The Age Of Twenty1504 Words   |  7 Pageshighest teen birth rate in the world, every year the United States experiences 610,000 teen pregnancies (Bleakly 2006). The figures show that three in ten adolescent girls will become pregnant before the age of twenty. People ages 15-24 represent 25 eighteen 70 percent of United States females, and 62 percent of males have had sex. About 3.2 million adolescent females are infected with the most common STI’s, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea (Bleakly 2006). The likelihood of teens having sex increases

Promote Hemorrhoids Medication and Issue Pharmaceutical Company

Question: Discuss about the Hemorrhoids Medication Pharmaceutical Company. Answer: Advertising campaign Objectives The pharmaceutical company is launching their new product in the market and to promote that product the advertising campaign was introduced. Advertisement helps the company to influence the customers for buying their products. The advertisement also enhances the perceived value of the products and this process allows the products to stay in the mind of the customers. Advertising also helps the company to increase their market share and growth. Objectives To build the strong brand image To promote the product Hemorrhoids medication To influence the buying decision of the customers To enhance the perceived value of the products To keep the product in the mind of the customers To accelerate market share and growth of the company Communication Process Communication is the two-way process and it is very important for the promotion of the products. Communication needs the appropriate language and also non-verbal communication process (Toebes et al., 2013). Verbal communication process will allow the people to understand the message of the product and non-verbal communication will allow the people to get the impact of the visualization. For the better communication process to create awareness and persuade the customers to buy the products the process of Verbal and non-verbal communication is required. The communication should be done in a way that customers get an easily accessible to it and also it should give a direct message to the customers. Verbal and non-verbal communication process to be used in the communication for the promotion of the product has to be noticeable. It also has to be accessible for the customers and the message should reach directly to the customers. The feedback from the customers is also the process of comm unication. Target Audience Hemorrhoids are a kind of disease that mainly occurs in the old aged people but some cases have been seen where this disease occur in the much younger people (Farmer et al., 2015). So the target audiences of the company for their products are the people of all age group but mostly they target the old aged people. The people of the age group 55 years and above are the main target audience of the company. As Hemorrhoids can happen to anyone, therefore, their second most important target audience is the entire people of all age group. The company targets the patients who are suffering from the rectal bleeding because this is the first and the most important symptoms for Hemorrhoids disease. The company also targets the family members of the patients for their products. They also target the patients who are suffering from the rectal bleeding. Creating Awareness about the product Hemorrhoids are the disease that is caused due to the rectal bleeding and to control that the medication is the most important and the patients need to get the medication at the very fast stage (Shadel et al., 2013). If this is not stopped at the first stage then it can cause rectal cancer also. The products that are launched by the company will help the patient to fight with this disease at the very first stage. The product will help the patients to control their rectal bleeding. The product will help to control the emotional stress of the patients. The product also increases the good toilet habit in the patients. This product is highly recommended for the pregnant women as it is seen that most of the Women have hemorrhoids at the time of pregnancy. So for the pregnant women, this medication product is recommended but they should get the approval from their doctors. Factors for selecting media vehicle for Advertisement The factors for selecting the media vehicle for the advertisement of the products are the company objectives, target audiences, policy and the approach of the company (Furnham, and Goh, 2014). The past advertisement experience of the company and the types of buyers for the products of the company. Another factor for selecting the media vehicles for the advertisement is the types of message that will be conducted by the advertisement of the products. The factors are as follow: The objectives of the organization Target audience of the company for the product Companys advertising approach and the policy The types of buyer of the products Companys past experience for the advertising Type of message the advertisement will provide to the customers Types of Advertisement position The advertisement needs to be positioned properly for at least a year so that the promotions of the product become successful. In radio, the advertisement is positioned for five months and it will get renewed automatically each week. This is done because the message should reach to the customers and almost every day ten new customers listen to radio. In television, the advertisement is positioned for a year and it is also auto-renewed each week. The viewers of television are the maximum number of people and for that, it is the best option for the company to promote their products (Tseng et al., 2014). The advertisement will be position in the radio for weeks up to five month and it will also be positioned in the television for weeks up to a year. The advertisement is on even numbered page of weekly and monthly magazine and in the third numbered page of the newspapers for almost a month. Advertisement Campaign Cost budget The cost associated with the advertisement are the media cost, setup cost, setup process cost and continuation of the advertisement cost (Leymann et al., 2014). All these costs are needed for the advertisement campaign of the products. The budget for the advertisement campaign is set up as per the requirement of the company. Cost Associate with advertisement campaign is: Setup cost Media cost Continuation cost Setup process cost Budget for the advertisement Particulars Amount ($) Setup cost 1 million Media cost 105,000/30 sec ad Continuation cost 60/hours Setup process cost 60,000 Total Budget 11,650,60 Importance of negotiation with media vehicles Negotiation is done with the media vehicles to maintain the budget of the company and also the quality of the products. This is also done to get the seasonal discount from the media and to select the perfect media channel in the budget for the advertisement of the product (Hollier et al., 2016). Negotiation is done to maintain the budget of the company and also the advertisement of the products. It is done to get the seasonal discount on the media cost for the promotion of the products. To get the discount on the payment that is done by cash and to get extra support for the product from the media negotiation is conducted. It is also done to select the appropriate media channel for the products at reasonable prices. Factors of negotiation with media vehicles The factors for negotiation with the media vehicles are as followed The budget of the company should not exceed (Chen et al., 2015) The advertisement quality should not get hampered The advertisement should reach perfectly to the audience The continuity of the advertisement should be as per the plan was conducted The advertisement should cover the entire area and it should be of flexible nature Information provided to media people To the media people, the information about the advertisement needs to be provided because this will help them to plan the advertisement of the product (Ruarte et al., 2013). This will also help them to create innovative ideas for the products. The information that is provided to the media people are: Product definition and market analysis Demographic segmentation of the area for the products of the company Creating new innovative idea for the promotion of the products Creating new strategy for the advertisement campaign Sending the advertisement message to the customers at the right time and place Legal and ethical consideration for establishing media contract The legal and the ethical consideration for establishing the media contract are as followed Ethical consideration Privacy Trust Loyalty Serving public interest Liability Legal consideration Agreement Condition Payment term Contacts Counter-offer Ways to monitor Advertisement campaign Monitoring the advertisement campaign is essential for the company because this will provide the company idea about the success of the advertisement (Nice et al., 2015). The results of the advertisement campaign should be accessed on the regular basis. The goal of the advertisement should be reviewed on a regular basis. Check the report of achievement of the advertisement campaign. Check the feedback of the customers on the regular basis from the advertisement campaign. Monitor the success of the work in the advertisement campaign. Things to monitor Advertisement campaign The things that need to be monitored in the advertisement campaign are as followed The company has to go after their target audience The company has to highlight their competitive advantages The images of the product need to establish properly in the market (Graber, and Dunaway, 2014) Investment on the advertisement for the huge sale of the products Advertisements have to be done at the right time in right place The budget of the company is not disturbed by the advertisement campaign Legal and ethical issue for monitoring campaign The legal and ethical issues of the company for monitoring the advertisement campaign are as followed The truth of the advertisement that is done by the company for their products (Kuznetsov, and Semyonov, 2013) The advertisement will also be view by the children Advertising the harmful products for the health of the customers The use of the advertisement tactics for the promotion of the products Nature of the word success Success means that the work of the advertisement campaign is successfully completed. The feedbacks are also good for the company and the total campaign was completed in the budget of the company (Jakobson, and Rueben, 2016). To get the feedbacks from the customers are excellent regarding the advertisement. The success means that the strategy and the plan work perfectly for the advertisement campaign. It also means that the media channel used was reach the message of the advertisement perfectly to all the people. Success of the advertisement campaign means that the position of the advertisement is set in the best place for the customers to view the product. References Carlson, M.A. and Pruett, D.C., Western Digital Technologies, Inc., 2014.Method for file based shingled data storage utilizing multiple media types. U.S. Patent 8,756,382. Chen, J., Cui, T., Deng, Z., You, S., Kumar, D., Guangyu, D.O.N.G., Kshetramade, S. and Schellenberger, J., Linkedin Corporation, 2015.Online advertisement forecasting using targeted messages. U.S. Patent Application 14/642,586. Farmer, C., Els, M., Postelnik, I., Hodges, P. and Carlson, K., MaxPoint Interactive, Inc., 2015.System and method for optimizing real-time bidding on online advertisement placements utilizing mixed probability methods. U.S. Patent 9,129,313. Furnham, A. and Goh, M.F., 2014. Effects of program?advertisement congruity and advertisement emotional appeal on memory for health and safety advertisements.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,44(1), pp.60-70. Graber, D.A. and Dunaway, J., 2014.Mass media and American politics. Cq Press. Hollier, L.P., Pettigrew, S., Slevin, T., Strickland, M. and Minto, C., 2016. Comparing online and telephone survey results in the context of a skin cancer prevention campaign evaluation.Journal of Public Health, p.fdw018. Jakobson, G. and Rueben, S., 2016.Online advertising associated with electronic mapping systems. U.S. Patent 9,449,333. Kuznetsov, V. and Semyonov, A., 2013. Evaluation of effectiveness of an advertisement campaign by use of Twitter.American Academic Scholarly Research Journal,5(5), p.155. Leymann, N., Raza, K., Boutros, S. and Martini, L., 2014. Label Advertisement Discipline for LDP Forwarding Equivalence Classes (FECs). Nice, N., Barash, U., Li, Y., Goldbach, M.J. and Gates III, W.H., Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc, 2015.User centric real-time advertisement bidding. U.S. Patent 8,983,859. Ruarte, F., Narayan, R., Roslansky, R., Zamanian, K., Souzis, A., Job, E., Beresford, B., Yeh, H.S., Farmer, A., Nguyen-Trong, B.L. and Mazzoni, W., 2013.Multi-dimensional method for optimized delivery of targeted on-line brand advertisements. U.S. Patent 8,620,748. Shadel, W.G., Martino, S.C., Setodji, C. and Scharf, D., 2013. Exposure to pro-smoking media in college students: does type of media channel differentially contribute to smoking risk?.Annals of Behavioral Medicine,45(3), pp.387-392. Toebes, J., Lawler, B.P. and Chou, G.T., Cisco Technology, Inc., 2013.Advertisement campaign system using socially collaborative filtering. U.S. Patent 8,380,562. Tseng, C.H., Kuo, H.C. and Chen, J.M., 2014. Do Types of Virtual Community Matter for the Effects of online Advertisement and Electronic Words of Mouth?.Xing Xiao Ping Lun,11(1), p.28.